Electricians are highly trained craftspersons who install, maintain, and repair power and electrical systems for public, private, and commercial customers. Electricians generally specialize in construction or maintenance work though many perform both services. Electricians who specialize in construction install and maintain the wires, control equipment, and other devices required to carry electricity within new homes, businesses, and factories.

Electricians who specialize in maintenance repair work quickly to minimize interruptions in electrical services as they replace or upgrade existing electrical equipment and systems. Some electricians work within industrial environments and do complicated repairs and maintenance work. These electricians work closely with management, engineers, technicians, machinery mechanics, maintenance workers, and line installers or repairs replacing and maintaining electrical components, like motors, generators, controllers, and transformers, on industrial machinery or robots. Industrial electricians also propose plans to management when equipment malfunctions or is in need of repair to allow continued operation or decrease the risks of hazards from faulty machinery.

All electricians follow blueprints which map out the locations of panel boards, outlets, circuits, load centers, and other aspects of an electrical system. Electricians often help in the planning of electrical projects as well as the execution by installing components, connecting wiring, and placing circuit breakers, outlets, transformers, and other aspects of electrical systems. Electricians use a variety of tools, from simple screwdrivers, knives, pliers, saws, and wire strippers, to more complicated, like conduit benders, ammeters, drills, voltmeters, harmonic testers, and other safety or test devices. Electricians use simple tools when installing wiring and later test connections and ensure proper operation and safety with more complicated tools. Electricians frequently inspect all components and equipment within an electrical systems to ensure efficiency and prevent problems.

Electricians work within a number of indoor and outdoor environments, like private residences, construction sites, businesses, industrial complexes, and factories. Electricians have strenuous and often hazardous jobs. Electricians must be able to lift heavy objects, stand, stoop, kneel, and bend conduit as well as follow safety protocols to prevent electrical shock, falls, cuts, scrapes, and other injuries. Most electricians work 40 hours or more per week to accommodate clients with evening or weekend emergencies. Electricians who work within industrial organizations may work overtime hours during retooling or scheduled maintenance periods. Some electricians who work for larger organizations with 24 hour operations may work first, second, or third shifts.

Individuals must complete formal training, gain hands on experience, and fulfill licensing requirements as determined by state and employer regulations in order to qualify for employment as an electrician. High school students interested in establishing careers as electricians may prepare by participating in courses like science, shop, technical drawing, mathematics, physical education, business, and English. Many high school students also work as assistants to electricians to gain hands on experience. Upon earning a diploma or G.E.D., many students advance to apprenticeships, trade or technical school programs, community colleges, or universities to expand education.

Apprenticeship programs provide individuals with the ability to participate in classroom studies combined with hands on experiences. Most apprenticeship programs are sponsored by the National Electrical Contractors Association, Associated Builders and Contractors, Independent Electrical Contractors Association, or individual electrical contracting companies. Apprenticeships require students to invest a minimum of 4 years of training to gradually learn the most basic techniques to more complex information necessary to qualify for employment. Apprenticeship programs feature courses based in mathematics, electrical code requirements, blueprint reading, electrical theory, safety regulations, first aid practices, and communications. Apprenticeship programs generally provide paid on the job training working closely with more experienced electricians so students may apply information learned within classroom settings. Apprenticeship programs also feature the ability to specialize training in fields like soldering, fire alarm systems, elevators and cranes, or communications. Students within apprenticeships usually begin with simple tasks, like drilling holes, attaching conduit, or setting anchors, and then advance to measuring, fabricating, connecting, testing, or installing conduit, outlets, switches, and other components. Individuals who complete apprenticeships generally advance to employment as electricians.

Trade or vocational schools provide students with an extensive understanding of the knowledge and skills necessary to advance as electricians. Courses include: HVAC technician, basic designing and installing, basic programmable logic controllers, basic voice and data cable installation, commercial wiring, conduit bending, electrical estimating, electrical systems containing automatic transfer service, electrical theory, foreman training program, gas and oil burner control wiring, general maintenance, installation of multiganged meter equipment, introduction trade electricity, lead certification, low voltage license preparation, master electrician license preparation, motor and motor controls, national electric code, fire alarm installation, OSHA, fire alarm practical, security and fire alarm, techniques of the trade, understanding of the National Electric Contractors Association, and wiring and family dwellings. Individuals who complete training within trade or vocational schools often advance to certification and licensing programs

Associate degree programs offer students an expanded educational basis required to advance to careers as an electrician. Courses include: electrical foundations, introduction to residential wiring, basic wiring techniques lab, electrical foundations, residential wiring, transformers, advanced wiring, motor controls, motor theory, OSHA construction safety and health, industrial controls, motor drive systems, advanced industrial controls, renewable energy systems, advanced PLCs, photo-voltaic energy, renewable energy sources, environmental science, photo-voltaic energy, and renewable energy sources. Students enrolled within associate degree programs also complete laboratory and practical experiences to apply course theories in hands on settings. Graduates from associate degree programs generally advance to employment or continue studies within electrical engineering programs.

Bachelor degree programs within the discipline of electrical engineering offer students the ability to strengthen skills, expand education, and gain hands on experiences necessary to advance to a number of career options. Courses include: computers and programming, calculus, general chemistry, English composition, Western civilization, introduction to economics, oral communication process, calculus, Physics, digital hardware organization, fundamentals of circuit analysis, data structures, linear Algebra, differential equations, applied quantum physics, social forces, signals and systems, principles of electronics, microprocessors, advanced writing t-lines and electromagnetic fields, human values, electronic product design, and laboratory or practicum experiences to apply course theories to work experiences. Graduates who complete bachelor degree programs may advance to employment or higher degrees.

Master degree programs in electrical engineering gain the means of specializing knowledge and refining skills necessary to advance or establish their careers. Courses include: entrepreneurial engineer seminar, integrated circuit fabrication processes, principles and models of semiconductor devices, the Fourier transform and its applications, introduction to linear dynamical systems, introduction to VLSI systems, introduction to wireless personal communications introduction to statistical signal processing, computer systems architecture, introduction to computer networks, fundamentals of energy processes, advanced integrated circuits technology, digital MOS integrated circuits, RF integrated circuit design, VLSI signal conditioning circuits, VLSI data conversion circuits, nanophotonices, wireless communication, convex optimization, digital image processing, colloquium on computer systems, advanced processor architecture, topics in international technology management, topics in international advanced technology research, entrepreneurship in Asian high tech industries, feedback control design, micro/nano systems design and fabrication laboratory. Graduates who complete master’s degrees may advance to employment or continue studies within doctoral degree programs.

Doctoral degree programs offer candidates the ability to gain the education and skills necessary to qualify as experts in the field of electrical engineering. Courses include: testing of digital systems; introduction to semiconductor processing; statistical analysis; parametric/functional device testing; very large scale integrated circuit design; design and analysis of analog integrated circuits; modern communications circuits; computer aided circuit design; fiber optic systems; advanced communications systems; modern optics; digital signal processing; system modeling and simulation; advanced digital systems design; industrial co-op; special topics in design, simulation, and testing of electronic systems; special topics: DC-DC converter design and test; biomedical signal processing; biosensors and bioelectronics; dissertation research; dissertation; and graduate seminar. Graduates who complete doctoral degrees often advance to positions as educators, researchers, or consultants within colleges, universities, or self owned businesses.

Electricians are generally required to gain licensure upon completion of training programs as determined by state regulations. Licensing programs allow electricians to demonstrate their skills and knowledge of the field to gain the certification necessary to qualify as master electricians. Candidates must pass an examination which tests their understanding of the National Electric Code, local and state electric and building codes, and the electrical theory. Many states require electricians to gain specialized licensing to work for public organizations or for electrical contractors. Most states also require electricians to complete a minimum of a bachelor’s degree and seven years of work experience to qualify as master electricians.

Electricians have the ability to establish lucrative careers. Earnings for electricians are based upon several factors including: skill level, level of education, work experience, organization of employment, geographic location, and area of specialty. The U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics reports average hourly wages for most electricians range from $17.00 to $29.99 per hour. Electricians who work within electric power generation, transmission, and distribution earn $28.15 per hour. Electricians employed by local governments earn $25.66 per hour. Electricians within nonresidential building construction earn $22.21 per hour. Electricians who work within apprenticeships earn 30 to 50 percent of the salary a fully trained electrician earns and have the ability to receive pay increases as they advance skills throughout their training. Many electricians become members of unions which include: the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, the International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, the United Steelworkers of America, the International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine, and Furniture Workers, and the International Union, United Automobile, Aircraft, and Agriculture Implement Workers of America.

Skilled electricians who meet formal training, licensing, and work experience requirements are expected to find favorable job prospects per reports from the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics. Job growth in the field is predicted to increase by 12 percent through 2018. Candidates who demonstrate their knowledge, complete formal training, and are competent with voice, data, and video wiring are expected to find increased employability in comparison to candidates with less training and experience. Technological advances, population growth, increases in electricity consumption, the rise of green energy, and improvements within older structures will further job growth in the field. Employment is expected to remain stable for electricians though fluctuations in the economy could adversely affect the construction industry and number of jobs available to construction electricians. Maintenance electricians are expected to find steadier employment than those working within construction, automotive, and manufacturing industries due to cyclical economic fluctuations though increased employment opportunities within electrical consulting firms generally offset job losses and instability.

Experienced electricians often advance to supervisory or project management positions within construction, contracting, or other related businesses. Many experienced electricians also advance to positions as electrical inspectors. Electricians are required to continue education through their careers to remain current of any industry changes, safety protocols, manufacturing changes, or management issues. Electricians must be familiar with changes of the National Electric Code, maintain licensure, and acquire familiarity with changing industry or safety advances.

Childcare provides are highly skilled individuals with one of the most rewarding and demanding occupations today: caring for and ensuring the safety of children. Child care providers must complete a number of courses, training programs, and even college degrees to meet the requirements necessary to qualify for employment. Most child care providers are required to meet state and employer qualification standards regarding education and licensure before establishing or advancing their careers.

Child care providers and workers are responsible for “day parenting” infants, children, and preteens in the absence of their parents, they must possess the knowledge and skills necessary to nurture, teach, and offer loving care to families. Childcare providers are responsible to monitor and attend to the health, safety, developmental and nutritional needs of each child in their care. Childcare providers must organize and structure activities which foster a child’s physical, intellectual, emotional, and social growth as well as encourage the children in their care to explore, develop, and prepare for the future. Childcare providers are required to develop daily routines, incorporate new activities, and accommodate any challenges in the day to day aspects of their occupation. Childcare providers also must maintain and monitor the safety, health, and overall well being of the children they care for by instilling good health, hygiene, exercise, rest, and nutritional habits. Childcare providers are trained to help parents identify children’s emotional, behavioral, developmental, physical, or learning problems and report such conditions to ensure children receive proper, professional assistance.

Childcare providers often work long hours within their own homes as family care providers, as workers within child care facilities, or as providers within a child’s home. Child care providers must be reliable, have excellent communication skills, possess physical stamina, and be able to multitask. The work of a child care provider is often mentally and physically demanding as providers must be able to foresee and prevent a number of problems while managing the daily routines of caring for children. Providers must deal be patient, provide fair and consistent discipline, manage disruptions, and possess enthusiasm. Most providers also must have excellent time management and organizational abilities to handle the business and communication aspects of their jobs.

Some childcare providers work part time while others work full time to meet the needs of parents who drop off and pick up children before and after work. Many childcare centers and family care providers cater to parental work schedules by having flexible hours to ensure adequate child care coverage. Some child care providers work within preschools or early childhood programs though almost 33 percent are self employed and care for children within private residences, per reports from the U.S. Bureau of Labor and Statistics (BLS). The BLS expects employment for child care providers to remain stable, with job growth predicted to increase by 11 percent at an average rate through 2018, and offer security as many workers retire or leave the occupation to pursue alternative employment.

Childcare providers who care for children within the child’s home are often also called nannies or babysitters. Many offer their services to one or multiple families depending upon predetermined arrangements based upon convenience for all parties. Childcare providers who work at the family’s residence often assist with providing care for and meeting their clients’ basic child health and safety needs. Babysitters and nannies often care for children from birth until age 12, offering discipline, educational games and activities, dressing, bathing, and feeding the children in their care. Many of these workers travel from their homes to the child’s home though some live with the families they provide child care for.

Family care providers work from their private residences offering child care to small groups of families. These child care workers often work alone or in pairs, offering educational and socially stimulating games, activities, and other creative projects to the children in their care. Family care providers are required to follow state regulations, laws, and codes regarding conduct, discipline, safety, health, and the treatment of the children in care. Childcare providers within family care settings often work long hours with low pay while offering a safe environment for children. These workers give children a number of opportunities for basic indoor and outdoor activities which foster play, socialization, and learning. Family care providers structure age appropriate activities like reading, crafts, dance, music, role playing, and story telling as well as visits to libraries, playgrounds, pools, and other locations. Most states require family care providers to gain and maintain licensure upon meeting application requirements, completion of safety courses, and demonstrating the understanding of child health, development, and reporting practices. Local governments and child care organizations regulate family care providers with regular home inspections, criminal background checks, and record keeping regarding the proper safety and treatment of the children in their care.

Childcare providers who work within formal child care centers, daycare facilities, preschools, nursery schools, Head Start programs, and other early education centers care for small numbers of children based upon State and facility regulations. Daycare facilities, pre or nursery schools, and child care centers are required to closely follow State and local regulations regarding the ratio of workers to the number of children in care. Provides within daycare facilities generally may only be responsible for 3-4 infants, 4-10 toddlers, and/or 8-25 preschool aged children though most state regulations regarding ratios vary tremendously. Daycare centers also must meet staff qualification requirements as well as child health and safety regulations. Providers within daycare facilities help develop schedules and plan short as well as long term activities based upon well balanced amounts of learning, exploration, exercise, and rest. Workers within daycare centers also offer activities, offer nutritious snacks and foods, assist with diapering and toileting, instill proper hygiene, maintain and monitor the safety and health of every child in their care, and encourage age appropriate mathematical and reading skills.

Training to gain the qualifications to become a child care provider depends upon state and employer requirements. Most child care providers are required to complete a minimum of a high school diploma or G.E.D. Child care providers who work as family day care or as workers within child care facilities often must complete child care courses offered by private firms or publicly funded childcare organizations. Child care providers who work from their private residences caring for a few children ages 2 through 5 generally do not complete formal educational programs.

Child care providers who care for 3 or more children generally are required to complete a minimum of State determined certification and licensing programs as well as pass a criminal background check. Most family day care providers complete yearly training requirements to maintain licensure and remain current on health and safety regulations. Childcare providers employed within day care centers or preschools are frequently required to pass a background check, have current immunizations, and generally have previous work experience or formal training from associate degree programs as many employers prefer candidates with some education. Many providers within day care centers complete studies within two year child development or early childhood education programs with courses like: foundation literacy; health, safety, and nutrition for young children; essentials of psychology, art appreciation; music appreciation; fundamentals of early childhood education; child growth and development; curriculum for early childhood education; language and literacy development in young children; developing math and science skills in young children; art, music, and movement; English composition; computer applications; working with preschoolers; infant and toddler care; introduction to biology; interpersonal communication; play in the lives of young children; working with children with special needs; guidance in early years; math for business and family; the child, family, and community; cultural diversity in the early childhood program; administration of an early childhood education center; and assessment in early childhood education.

Directors of child care facilities often complete a minimum of a bachelor degree within an early childhood program to qualify for employment. Courses like: guiding the young child’s behavior; the exceptional child and the inclusive classroom; music and movement for the young child; math and science for the young child; language and literacy for young children; creative art for the young child; early foundations for moral and character development; promoting children’s well being; transitional kindergarten programs; advancing early childhood programs through technology; effective learning environments; early communication skills and literacy in multilingual communities; advanced curriculum design and development in early childhood education; leadership and advocacy in early childhood education; advanced practicum in a classroom setting; and capstone for early childhood education.

Child care workers who work within private residences for one or a few families are generally not regulated by State qualifications but all providers frequently must meet varying levels of health and first aid, fire safety, and child abuse prevention and detection requirements. Additionally, many states require providers to complete licensing programs offered through the national Child Development Association, the National Child Care Association, and the Council for Professional Recognition. These organizations offer credentialing, licensure, and designations following completion of course work, seminars, and informational programs.

Advancement for child care providers is dependent upon organization of employment and level of education. Many providers within child care centers begin entry level employment and advance to bachelor or master’s degree programs to qualify for managerial, supervisory, or administrative positions. Providers who work for private families often begin employment within referral agencies and advance to positions within day care centers and preschools upon gaining relevant experience and formal training. Some child care providers who gain experience, complete required training, and secure adequate funding may advance to open a self owned day care center.

Plumbers are skilled tradespersons who install, maintain, and repair a number of pipe systems for residential, commercial, and industrial clients. They primarily install and repair water and gas pipes, drainage systems, waste disposal systems and often heating and air systems within small and large scale jobs.

Plumbers also create the piping systems which move water from municipal water reserves and treatment plants to residential, commercial, or public buildings. They install or replace fixtures and appliances, like bathtubs, showers, sinks, toilets, dishwashers, garbage disposals, and water heaters.

Plumbers must follow blueprints, instructions from supervisors, and all building code regulations to safely and efficiently lay out and utilize materials to complete a project. They are increasingly involved in the design layout processes of new construction or remodeling projects and must be informed of means of meeting codes while maximizing efficiency and operations of plumbing systems.

Plumbers use a variety of saws, pipe cutters, and pipe bending equipment to assemble and connect pipe systems. Plumbers also erect steel supports to fasten pipes in place. Plumbers use a variety of methods to secure, weld, glue, or attach different types of piping, like copper or plastic, to ensure maximum operation of the water, steam, or gas systems.

Plumbers are required to possess physical stamina and frequently work in remote, cramped, or outdoor locations. Many plumbers are on call, working more than 40 hours per week to be able to assist with night or weekend emergencies. Plumbers are highly skilled and possess a high mechanical aptitude, strong math skills, manual dexterity, and great critical thinking/problem solving skills in order to be successful. Most plumbers gain the skills and knowledge necessary to establish their careers through professional training programs, apprenticeships, or by completion of a college degree. High school students within an interest in becoming a plumber may prepare by completing courses like: mathematics, computers, physics, physical education, English, business communications, shop, drafting, and blueprint reading. Students may also work as an assistant to an experienced plumber to gain hands on training and experience. Some high schools provide instruction in plumbing through vocational school programs.

Most formal training programs require students to possess a minimum of a high school diploma or G.E.D. in order to qualify for studies. Many individuals participate in a two to six year apprenticeship program to gain the skills and education necessary to establish a career as a plumber. Apprenticeship programs provide students with comprehensive training and the ability to gain the technical skills through coursework and apply skills within hands on experiences. Individuals within apprenticeship programs work closely under the supervision of more experienced plumbers and feature courses in technical and basic industrial skills, mathematics, measurement, pipefitting, mechanics, chemistry, electricity, ventilation, safety, material selection and handling, tools and applications, drilling tools, welding tools, grinding tools, power and hand tools, tool care and safety, print reading, dimensioning, sketching, codes and regulations, and design. Individuals who complete an apprenticeship often qualify as journeyperson and advance to employment or two year programs.

Trade or vocational schools and community colleges often provide 2 year formal training programs to individuals seeking the education and skills necessary to advance to careers as plumbers. Courses within 2 year programs include: introduction to refrigeration, print reading and interpretation, HVAC Automated Design, mechanical systems, career mathematics, technical Algebra and trigonometry, college Algebra and trigonometry, communications, English composition, building materials application, HVAC/electricity, mechanical systems, mechanical systems lab practices, acetylene and electric welding, water supply and drainage systems, piping, venting, fittings, and valves. Most technical school programs provide graduates with the certifications necessary to advance to employment or continue studies within related degree fields.

Plumbers are required to complete and maintain certification offered through national organizations and unions. The Mechanical Contractors Association of America and the National Association of Plumbing, Heating, and Cooling Contractors offer continuing education and certification processes necessary to meet state or employment regulations. There is no standard of education or uniform licensing requirements though many employers and states require plumbers to complete the combination of formal training, gain 2 to 5 years of professional work experience, and demonstrate their knowledge and abilities thorough examinations. Many plumbers work independently within self owned and operated businesses or within plumbing contracting businesses. Many plumbers upon gaining experience may advance to related fields like construction management or building inspection.

Carpenters are craftspersons with a wide range of skills who work with a variety of materials building and repairing structures and fixtures. Carpenters plan, construct, install, or make repairs on buildings, structures, fixtures, and boats using wood, plastic, drywall, fiberglass, plastic, or other materials. Carpenters may work independently or for general contractors. Some may even work for factories, large contracting companies, or unions. Many carpenters specialize their skills and work using only one particular skill, like woodworking construction. Carpenters also frame structures, erect scaffolds, construct brattices, and build forms for poured concrete. Carpenters generally follow instructions from supervisors or blueprints to design and build a number of projects.

Carpenters must be familiar with and follow local buildings codes, local construction ordinances, and other regulations which dictate where and how specific materials can be used. With most projects, carpenters create layouts and measure, mark, and arrange materials. Carpenters then use a variety of hand and power tools, including chisels, saws, planes, sanders, drills, and power tools to cut and shape materials. Carpenters then join the materials using staples, glue, nails, and other adhesives while checking for accuracy with levels, framing squares, plumb bobs, tape measures, levels, and surveying equipment. Carpenters also make the required adjustments to ensure precise and proper installation and function. Carpenters also install and finish prefabricated kits, like those for stairs, walls, or partitions. Carpenters also place, move, and install machinery within factories

Experienced and highly skilled carpenters may perform a wide range of projects within residential building, commercial construction, remodeling, or repair work. Carpenters often work as part of a team of general contractors installing or replacing windows, doors, and ceilings, forming concrete molds for foundations and other masonry work, or erecting frames for houses, garages, additions, and other buildings.

High school students interested in a career as a carpenter can prepare long before graduation. Courses like: English, Algebra, geometry, physics, physical education, carpentry, general shop, drawing, mathematics, mechanical drawing, and blueprint reading offer students basic knowledge of the field. Students may also work with a more experienced contractor or construction company to gain the hands on work experiences necessary for future apprenticeships or educational programs.

Qualifying as a skilled carpenter generally requires 3 to 4 years of on the job training paired with courses and classroom experiences. Some high school graduates may gain entry level employment as carpenter’s helpers and gradually advance while others may begin an apprenticeship. Most commercial contractors, industrial building contractors, and construction unions, offer apprenticeship programs. Competition for admission into an apprenticeship is highly competitive, involves a 3 year time investment upon acceptance, and requires candidates to be a minimum of 18 years old. Students must successfully pass an entrance exam demonstrating their carpentry skills and abilities before beginning the apprenticeship. Apprenticeships allow students to increase technical skills and expand knowledge by working closely with more experienced carpenters through the combination of hands on and classroom experiences. Apprenticeship programs provide students with the training necessary to practice classroom theories and techniques, apply math and problem solving skills, and understand the safety, first aid, freehand sketching, basic mathematics, blueprint reading, layout, and carpentry techniques like form building, framing, interior and exterior finishing processes required for employment. Completion of an apprenticeship offers individuals the ability to certify as a journeyperson. Individuals then advance to employment or continue studies within certification programs, trade schools, or community colleges.

Individuals who choose to further studies within trade or vocational schools or community colleges generally go on to two year programs. These programs offer students instruction based in a range of construction methods, safety methods, and design practices as well as the ability to apply classroom theories and techniques within hands on experiences. Courses within a two year program consist of: Algebra; geometry; physics; hand tool selection; tool care and proper usage; blueprint reading;, architectural drawing; identification and measurement of materials; machine woodworking; geometric layout; project budgeting, management, and estimating; building technology; building code requirements; roofing systems; framing and finishing; door and window layout, construction, and installation; and mechanical systems. Many two year programs also complete Spanish courses in order to communicate with workers who speak the language. Graduates from two year programs often establish careers as carpenters or continue studies within related educational fields, like carpentry management or engineering.

Carpenters who complete formal training, gain work experience, and complete required licensure or certification often find a number of employment and advancement opportunities. Many are promoted to supervisory or management positions within larger construction firms. Some may also work independently upon gaining necessary training and adequate funding.

Construction contractors are highly trained and experienced individuals who plan and oversee the construction of various building projects. Construction contractors coordinate every aspect of residential, industrial, public, private, and industrial construction projects. Construction contractors are responsible for the planning and directing of building projects while managing the scheduling, implementation, and selection of specialty contractors (like carpenters, plumbers, and electricians). Construction contractors also must manage the business aspects of each project from budgeting and estimates to payment of contractors.

Construction managers supervise entire projects from the concept and planning stage to the final completion of a project. Construction managers work closely with owners, architects, engineers, contractors, carpenters and other professionals to divide the responsibilities of preparing a site, excavating land, installing sewage, erecting foundations and structures, ensuring the installation of proper safety and protection devices, complete landscaping, and also build roads. Construction contractors work with small or large scale projects from private projects to industrial building complexes ensuring means of maximizing cost and energy efficiencies while meeting budget restraints and project deadlines. Construction contractors often work independently within self owned and operated businesses or under contract of construction management or contracting firms, developers, or property owners. Due to the many responsibilities and diverse knowledge required to establish careers as construction contractors, individuals must complete a combination of formal training, gain work experience, and complete state licensing requirements. Employment as a construction contractor also requires 24 hour availablity, a driver’s license, and the ability to pass a drug screening test.

Qualification to work as a construction contractor requires individuals to complete formal training offered through apprenticeship, vocational schools, or degree programs combined with five to seven years of work experience.

High school students interested in becoming construction contractors may prepare before they complete their diploma. Students may enroll in courses like: English, algebra, accounting, shop, psychology, physics, business, and physical education to expand knowledge and skills necessary to advance to formal training programs. Many students may gain employment working closely with more experienced contractors, road crews, carpenters, and other various construction organizations to acquire hands on training and increase their chances of acceptance within future training programs.

Some individuals train within apprenticeship programs to gain work experience and advance to formal training programs or employment. Working closely under the supervision of general contractors or construction contractors, individuals gradually increase skills and technical abilities by beginning with simple projects and advancing to more complex projects. Apprenticeship programs are generally offered by large construction firms, trade associations, and trade unions and generally last three to five years. Individuals who participate in apprenticeships learn how to properly use equipment, prepare work sites, and gain classroom instruction in specialized courses like: mathematics, woodworking, and mechanical drawing. Individuals who complete apprenticeship programs may enter employment or advance to higher degree programs.

Students who choose to expand knowledge and advance the potential for a career as a construction contractor may complete studies within associate degree programs in construction management. Courses include: fundamentals of construction management, project controls, cost estimating and analysis, labor and employment laws, surveying, construction drawing, psychology, physics, estimating management, and managing employee relations. Many graduates with an associate degree qualify for employment as general contractors or continue studies within bachelor degree programs.

Bachelor degree programs offer students the ability to specialize and expand training necessary to advance as construction contractors. Courses include: introduction to construction, construction plan reading, construction documents and contracts, risk management, bonds, and insurance, legal and ethical issues in construction, construction planning and scheduling, construction estimating, construction safety and loss control, specifications and technical writing for construction professionals, construction materials for managers, construction productivity and management, construction management internships, construction accounting, building energy systems, project scheduling, construction law, blueprint reading, hazard management, construction accounting, and structural frames and building design/construction.

Master degree programs offer students the ability to qualify as supervisors in the field of construction contracting. Courses include: construction procurement, temporary structures, heavy construction estimating, construction operations and productivity, utility system construction, marine construction, construction materials, pavement construction, research methods in construction, design and construction law, cost analysis and management, environmental regulations, statistical fundamentals for construction and materials applications, computer-aided design and construction, cost estimation, project control, architectural science, and inspection procedures.

Most construction contractors are required to complete and maintain licensure or certification as determined by State regulations. Some individuals may also voluntarily participate in licensing exams. Certification and licensure are offered through the Construction Management Association of America and the America Institute of Construction.

Diesel mechanic are highly skilled service and repair automotive mechanic workers who specialize in diesel engines like those found within diesel powered passenger automobiles, heavy construction equipment, tractors, boats, and larger trucks. Diesel mechanics work within a variety of environments, including repair shops, service stations, construction sites, and garages. Diesel mechanics must be familiar with all aspects of the field, adaptable, and hardworking in order to solve operating problems within quickly changing automotive technologies.

Diesel mechanics must be physically fit as their job requires the ability to work long hours, lift heavy objects, and often travel long distances to repair stranded vehicles. The work of a diesel mechanics is increasingly complex as technology and components advance. Diesel mechanics are required to repair mircroprocessors, emissions filters and catalysts, and utilize computerized diagnostic equipment and tools to resolve problems and perform repairs. Diesel mechanics must also be able to perform routine maintenance, repairs, and services, from brake inspections, steering mechanics, wheel bearings, and to other more complicated systems like adjusting engine function, resolve electrical systems malfunctions, and complete preventive maintenance.

Diesel mechanics use a variety of common hand tools, machine tools, power tools, computerized engine analyzers, and diagnostic equipment to perform job duties and repairs. Most employers provide diesel mechanics with the more expensive power and computerized tools required for diesel repairs and service though many diesel mechanics gradually accumulate most tools over the course of their careers. Common tools used by diesel mechanics include pneumatic wrenches, lathes, grinding machines, welding equipment, flame cutters, jacks, hoists, wrenches, pliers, screwdrivers, and computerized testing equipment. Most states require diesel mechanics to gain and maintain licensure to qualify for employment. Though state requirements vary, most states require diesel mechanics to complete the combination of formal training, work experience, and examinations based in the mechanical principles, ethical standards, and safety precautions of diesel mechanics.

Individuals interested in establishing a career as a diesel mechanic often begin preparation while in high school. Many schools provide students instruction within diesel engine repair, automotive repair, shop, mechanic programs, or electronic programs. High school students may also complete courses like: English, Algebra, geometry, business, physics, physical education, and computer courses. Many students also work part time within construction, farming, transportation, gasoline service stations, or car repair shops to gain the mechanical, customer service, and computer skills required for employment. Many students also may gain their commercial trucking license through the Department of Motor Vehicles to gain the ability to drive trucks or buses on public roads and qualify for employment. High school students often must complete their diploma or G.E.D. to advance to entry level diesel mechanic positions, certificate programs, career diploma programs, vocational school programs, or college degree programs to increase knowledge and skills necessary to advance to employment.

Due to the complexity of employment as a diesel mechanic, most unskilled candidates must begin employment as mechanic or service trainees and advance to positions as mechanic’s helpers as they gain work experience. Finding employment as a diesel mechanic without relevant training and experience is very difficult though some candidates begin employment performing simple tasks like cleaning parts, driving vehicles in or out of repair areas, and fueling and lubricating vehicles. Some may advance to trainee positions and perform simple service tasks or minor repairs after demonstrating competence and acquiring skills. Some candidates may qualify as journeyman diesel truck or bus mechanics after gaining three to four years worth of work experience and gradually gaining experience performing tasks like engine repair, break repair, transmission repair, and electrical systems repairs. Most candidates can accelerate advancement by participating in formal training programs, gaining certification, or earning a college degree.

Certificate programs offer individuals with an interest in establishing a career as a diesel mechanic the ability to increase knowledge and often better their chances of employment. Certificate programs are generally one to two years long and are offered through trade or vocational schools, online programs, or community colleges. Most certificate programs include the following courses: automotive repair, diesel mechanics, mathematics, English, physics, fuel systems, brake systems, alignment, suspension, transmissions, computers, customer service, and other courses. Certificate programs offer students the ability to learn proper operation of tools, electronics, computers, and hand held devices; gain an understanding of how to diagnose, service and repair basic diesel mechanisms; and increase business and communication skills for relations between customers, coworkers, and supervisors. Individuals who complete studies within a certification program often qualify for entry level employment or continue studies within an associate degree program.

Associate degree programs provide students with the ability to increase their educational basis, apply classroom theories within hands on experience, and establish or advance their careers as diesel mechanics. Courses within an associate degree program often include: introduction to diesel mechanics, hydraulics and pneumatics, welding, diesel engine electronics and electrical systems, air conditioning systems, diesel trade and technical knowledge, power train equipment repair, diagnostic techniques for diesel mechanics, and diesel engines and support systems. Associate degree programs also provide students with specialized instruction with construction equipment like loaders, dump trucks, scrapers, bulldozers, and motor graders. Associate degree graduates often advance to employment or continue studies within higher degree programs.

Bachelor degree programs in the field of diesel mechanics offer students an expanded understanding of the field as well as means to increase experience necessary to advance their careers. Bachelor degree programs offer students specialized instruction regarding diesel technology, the operation of and maintanence of heavy equipment, and the means of using, leasing, selling and repairing diesel equipment. Courses at a bachelor level include: diesel mechanics, diesel engine electronics and electrical systems, diesel support systems, hydraulics and pneumatics, advanced fuel systems, and welding. Graduates who complete bachelor degree programs often gain employment as upper level diesel mechanics. Graduates who wish to advance to higher degree programs must select studies within a related field.

Students who complete formal training programs often advance to certification programs offered through the national Institute for Automotive Service Excellence after meeting a 2 year work experience requirement. Certification exams cover six training areas like: brakes, heavy duty truck repair, gasoline engines, diesel engines, drive trains, electrical systems, and/or suspension and steering.

Diesel mechanics are often required to continue training throughout their careers to remain current of industrial and technological changes. Most employers require experienced diesel mechanics to participate in programs offered by manufacturers and vendors to increase skills and understanding of repair techniques and technological advances. Diesel mechanics often advance to sales, supervisor, or manager positions upon gaining relevant training and experience. Many also establish self owned repair shops upon securing adequate funding and relevant training.

Related Links:

- http://www.wisegeek.com/how-do-i-become-a-diesel-mechanic.htm
- http://www.bls.gov/oco/ocos182.htm

Automotive mechanics perform a variety of tasks, repairs, and routine maintenance on vehicles. Auto mechanics must have a complete knowledge of the full workings of all parts, components, and systems within a vehicle to ensure that the car or truck functions properly. Auto mechanics source and repair a variety of mechanical and electrical issues, problems and malfunctions with automobiles and light trucks. Additionally, auto mechanics must be able to understand and safely operate a number of tools, computers, and other technologies to source problems and make repairs. Automotive mechanics are required to repair and improve the overall performance of vehicles and perform a far range of functions from basic vehicle maintenance tasks like oil changes to tire rotations, as well as diagnose malfunctions of more complex systems like electrical issues, computers, engines, transmissions, brakes, fuel, or heating/air conditioning problems.

As automobile technologies have become increasingly complex, training to qualify as an automotive mechanic requires a substantial time investment, sound hand/eye coordination, and a number of technical skills to utilize manuals, computerized machines, and power tools. The work of an automobile mechanic has evolved to meet the demands of increasingly sophisticated, high level technology based vehicles in comparison to the simple mechanical repairs of the past. Most automobiles operate with integrated electronic systems and increasingly complex computer systems. As a result, automobile mechanics have increasingly difficult tasks of working with computerized repair or diagnostic equipment, digital reference materials, digital manuals, and other electronic components as well as the hand and power tools necessary to complete simple repairs. Most automotive mechanics are required to source mechanical or electrical problems based upon an owner’s explanation or reports from a repair service technician.

Auto mechanics are required to possess a diverse range of skills and possess experience to qualify for employment. Entry level auto mechanics face high competition for jobs and as a result, most employers prefer to hire candidates who have work experience and who have completed an apprenticeship or who have been formally trained within high school or vocational automotive service technology programs. Most employers seek candidates who have completed Automotive Youth Education Service programs certified by the National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence. Many programs require a minimum of a 6 month to one year time investment and require students to possess a minimum of a high school diploma or G.E.D. as well as their own tools. Some employers assist with the expense of purchasing the power and hand tools needed to begin entry level automotive mechanic work.

High school students interest in establishing careers as an automotive mechanic may prepare by participating in courses like: physics, chemistry, English, computers, and mathematics. Some high schools also offer students the ability to complete studies within automotive repair programs through trade or technical school programs. Most high school graduates advance to apprenticeship programs or continue studies within certificate programs, community college programs, or training programs offered by automobile manufacurers or franchised dealerships. Students who enter trade or vocational school programs generally complete studies within six months and gain required knowledge and experience through the combination of hands on practice and classroom instruction. Some community colleges offer one year certificate programs or two year associate degree programs in automotive repair. Most offer courses including: basic mathematics, English, computers, customer service, and business related course Most training programs sponsored by automobile manufactures and dealerships allow students to work full time while attending classes to gain on the job training in addition to learning classroom theories and techniques.

Apprenticeship programs offer students the ability to begin employment within entry level automotive jobs as trainee technicians, lubrication workers, or technician’s helpers. Individuals within apprenticeships generally develop skills working closely with highly trained mechanics and technicians. Individuals begin with simple repair or service duties and advance to more complex work as they develop skills. Apprenticeship programs generally require two to five years of on the job training before individuals advance to journey level, fully qualified automotive mechanic positions.

Associate degree programs in automotive technology offer students interested in careers as automotive mechanics an expanded understanding of the field as well as the technical skills required to advance to positions within various organizations. Courses include: fundamentals of public speaking, English composition, concepts in mathematics, physical science, steering and suspension systems, engine principles and design, engine performance, electrical and electronics, braking systems, manual drivetrains, climate control systems, engine performance, service shop operations, financial accounting, body repair, automotive paint fundamentals, collision damage analysis and repair, conventional frame diagnosis and correction, auto body power tools, auto body hydraulic tools, auto body circuits, auto paint lab, unibody repair lab, conventional frame and unibody structural analysis, automotive body welding, automotive painting technology, collision damage appraising, fiberglass plastic repair, unibody structural analysis, principles of alternative/renewable energies, liquid propane gas, compressed natural gas, engine repair, powertrain service, automatic transmission, small engine maintenance, diesel engine theory, alternative fuels installation and application, vehicle diagnosis and service, driveability diagnosis, racing suspension systems, composite fabrication, dynamometer testing and analysis, blueprint and CAD basics for motor sports, introduction to business, principles of management, business development, computer fundamentals for technology, principles of marketing, motorsports machining,introduction to motorsports, and biomass, biogas, micro-turbine technology.

Automotive mechanics may advance to bachelor degree programs in automotive technology management to increase knowledge and skills. Courses include: automotive electrical systems, engine theory and maintenance, contemporary power systems, fuel systems and emission control, steering and suspension systems, automotive braking systems, automotive electrical systems, computerized engine diagnostics, advanced powerplant systems, diesel technology, hydraulics and pneumatics, advanced vehicle systems, applied electricity, basic statistics, applied calculus, internship in technology, technical writing, industrial management, management of organizations, survey of accounting, principles of financial accounting, legal environment of business, marketing policy, human resource management, mobile HVAC, automotive engine overhaul, transmissions and drivelines, basic AutoCAD, fundamentals of drafting, introduction to computer aided drafting, CAD for engineering technology, industrial design, statistics, engineering material science, machine tool technology, robotics and automation, quality systems engineering, human resource management, human factors, engineering, quality control management, project management, organizational dynamics, principles of advertising, and professional sales. Individuals interested in obtaining a graduate degree must complete studies within a a related field, like automotive engineering, as higher degrees in automotive mechanics do not exist.

Automotive mechanics are required to continue education in order to remain current of changing automobile technologies. Many are required to attend manufacturing training programs to understand and perform repairs on specialized components, expand skills, and upgrade skills. Additionally, employers often prefer candidates who are certified by the Acquiring National Institute for Automotive Service Excellence. Candidates with a minimum of two years work experience may certify within 8 areas including: electrical systems, brake systems, suspension and steering, engine repair, and heating and air conditioning.

Individuals who demonstrate their skills, administrative abilities, and knowledge of automobiles often advance to positions as service managers or supervisors, automotive repair service estimators, or vocational school or community college level educators. Many also may also establish self owned repair shops upon securing adequate funding and gaining relevant training and experience. Many self employed automotive mechanics work long hours and most work a minimum of a 40 hour week, including some weekdays, evenings, and weekends. Many auto mechanics find their jobs physically demanding yet rewarding. Candidates who increase knowledge through training programs and work experiences often find increased employability in comparision to candidates with less training and experience.

Pet groomers are responsible for offering grooming services to domestic pets including dogs, and cats. Groomers work within a variety of settings, including veterinarian’s offices, pet stores, boarding kennels, mobile grooming services, or within self operated businesses. They perform a variety of different tasks which require specialized skills and knowledge learned from work experiences and training.

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Pet groomer professionals are responsible for making animals at ease and comforting them within environments unfamiliar to them and also must ensure clean, safe, and sanitary conditions to prevent disease or injury. As many pets scratch or bite, pet groomers are also required to ensure standard precautions are taken to eliminate the potential of harm. Pet groomers also manage the technical aspects of washing, brushing, and shaving a pet as well as cleaning ears, trimming nails, and any other styling requirements. Groomers must also be aware of, understand, retain, and report an animals health conditions and behavior. Groomers often also identify and report pet health issues, like ear or skin infections, to ensure the animal receives proper treatment and veterinary care. Groomers must also possess the managerial skills required to handle the business aspects of their services by having strong communication, clerical, and customer service skills.

There is no standard educational requirement necessary to qualify for employment as a pet groomer though many states and organizations require minimum of a high school diploma or G.E.D. to begin employment. Gaining the knowledge, skills, and abilities to qualify as a pet groomer requires an inherent compassion for animals, specific training available through a number of work experiences and educational programs, and a dedication to the many responsibilities the occupation entails. Many groomers begin employment working as trainees or assistants to more experienced professionals, enter an apprenticeship program, or complete training programs available at professional grooming schools, correspondence schools, or online providers.

High school students interested in establishing a career as a pet groomer may begin to prepare while still in school by completing their diploma or G.E.D. Courses in biology, psychology, physical education, English, and business mathematics assist perspective groomers in gaining the communication and business skills necessary for employment. Many students may volunteer or gain entry level, part time employment within private veterinarian’s offices, kennels, or animal shelters to gain hands on experiences and an increased understanding of the different aspects of pet handling, animal care, and grooming techniques. High school graduates generally advance to apprenticeship programs or courses within formal training programs to expand knowledge necessary for career success.

Informal apprenticeships offer students the ability to learn the basic aspects of pet grooming while working closely under the supervision of a more experienced groomer. Students often begin training within a 6 to 10 week apprenticeship program learning how to keep grooming equipment and areas safe and sanitized. Students begin with basic tasks like shampooing pets and then advance to more complex tasks like properly muzzling or restraining animals, operating grooming equipment, and identifying skin disorders. Students who complete apprenticeship programs often advance to employment as entry level groomers.

Many students expand knowledge through state licensed grooming schools. Most programs are offered through trade and technical schools, correspondence schools, or online programs and last 2 to 18 weeks. Students who participate in grooming school programs gain technical knowledge and augment abilities through courses like: canine and feline anatomy, dog and cat health care, grooming skills for all breeds, equipment care and maintenance, grooming equipment and supplies, brushing and dematting, bathing and dipping, blow (fluff) drying, coat conditioning, ear plucking and cleaning, eye care, anal glands, nail trimming, clipper use and handling, skin types, avoiding clipper/brush burn, setting patterns, clipping with a variety of blade sizes, clipping with blade extenders, hand scissoring, thinning the coat, skin conditions and care, internal and external parasites, ear infections, foot problems, warts, hip and knee cap problems, teeth, nervousness and convulsions, infectious disease, sanitation, special dog care, grooming puppies, grooming the older dogs, handling and control, personal safety, animal personality traits, muzzling, dog bites, tranquilizer facts, business ownership, business planning, zoning regulations, service pricing, management, customer record keeping, advertising and marketing, and establishing a client base. Most grooming courses include the tools required for performing grooming services like brushes, clippers, grooming scissors, combs, and nail trimmers.

Many professional groomer training programs offer students 1,000 hours of instruction and the ability to gain certification through the International Association of Pet Designers. Students prepare with courses like: breed identification, animal body language and behavior, proper identification and use of tools and equipment, accident prevention and safety, CPR and First Aid for animals and humans, salon organization and layout, muzzling for person and pet safety, prepping and bathing, handling and holding techniques, anatomy and range of motion, shave downs, nail trimming, ear hair plucking and cleaning, expressing anal glands, skin problem identification, safe handling and bathing of cats, proper use of air dryers, flea and tick identification and removal, wet shedding techniques, creative coloring, efficiency and speed grooming techniques, client relations, marketing and advertising techniques, time management techniques, establishing a client base, and services pricing.

Pet groomers may qualify for certification through the National Dog Groomers Association of America upon gaining relevant training, demonstrating skills, and successfully completing written examinations.

Groomers who wish to increase knowledge through an associate degree program or higher must continue studies within related field as degree programs in pet grooming do not exist.